Copropraxia: a tic that consists of involuntarily doing obscene gestures and inappropriate touching.
This video documents children and questions them what it’s like living with Tourette’s.
The basal ganglia is a structure in the brain that is strongly connected with the cerebral cortex and thalamus. It’s associated with many functions such as voluntary muscle movement, procedural learning, eye movement, and cognitive thinking.
MRI: a medical imaging technique used in radiology to obtain better visualization of the body’s internal structures.
CT Scan:a computed tomography scan that is similar to an x-ray, but gives better and more detailed visual of the body’s internal structure.
EEG:a test used by neurologist to determine severity of electrical activity in the brain
Basal Ganglia:in the basal ganglia, dopamine will inhibit indirect pathways to the brain while, at the same time, increase the action of direct pathways.
Frontal Lobe:a depletion of dopamine in the frontal lobe can cause a decline in cognitive thinking. It inhibits a person from making decisions, retain memory, solve problems, and pay attention (that’s why Tourette’s victim sometimes have ADD/ADHD)
Georges Albert Edouard Brutus Gilles de la Tourette was a French neurologist/physician who discovered Tourette’s Syndrome in 1885 (duh.)
This is a video showing what simple motor tics look like in a child.
Dopamine is a neurotransmitter that stops a neuron in your brain from firing an action potential. In the case of a person with Tourette’s, dopamine has a high metabolic rate, so it’s used up quickly. There are 5 types of dopamine: D1, D2, D3, D4, and D5. If a Tourette’s patient is admitted in a hospital, a doctor will set up an IV drip that contains a special type of dopamine because dopamine cannot easily pass through the blood-brain barrier. This will act on the sympathetic nervous system and calm the patient down.
There is another well-known disease that is caused by having small amounts of dopamine: Parkinson’s Disease. Both Parkinson’s and Tourette’s involved short and rapid muscle spasms.
(source: http://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/genpsyneurotransmitters.html)